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Statistically, air travel is reasonably safe when compared with road, rail and sea. Many
countries have a high death and injury rate on the roads; train, ferry and ocean-going ship
disasters are regular enough to be commonplace, taking a global view. Yet, air disasters are
usually fatal to all or most concerned and are therefore more widely reported. Consequently, there
is international pressure to make air travel as safe as possible, and rightly so. Yet, no form of
travel can be made totally safe. The causes of disaster, whether natural or man-made, can never
be completely eliminated.
Looking first at natural causes, at least three can be identified. Bad weather is one. This
includes storm, icing and air-pockets in the case of light aircraft; less so in the case of large jets
with sophisticated instrumentation. One cause in the case of jets can be large flocks of birds or
swarms of insects being sucked into the jet nacelles and thereby stopping the engines. This may
happen at low altitudes. Little can be done to prevent this. A third is the alleged danger in what
is known as the "Bermuda Triangle", in which both ships and aircraft have been lost without
trace. In the case of aircraft the reason may be the loss of horizon due to electrical
disturbance.
Most dangers to aircraft however are man-made. The first and obvious danger is collision.
In the busiest airports, especially in the tourist season, aircraft may take off as often as every
twenty seconds. Much strain is imposed on aircraft dispatchers and traffic control generally.
Clearance for dispatch is by radar and computer. Personal fatigue or mechanical failure in a
radar center can be very dangerous. Aircraft often have to circle before being given landing
permission, and collision or perhaps a near miss can result from mistakes in assigning heights.
Most, though not all, countries have strict regulations governing air traffic control. Any strike by
operatives will cause grounding -- bad enough, but preferable to taking risks.
Another cause of trouble may be the age of the aircraft. Metal fatigue eventually
sets in;
cracks appear, bits of the aircraft may fall off, even whole engines, or the passenger cabin may
lose compression. This means almost certain death to all passengers and crew, and there have
been cases where an aircraft has been lost because one of the doors was not properly secured.
The important of safety checks before take-off is obvious. So also is the importance of regular
and completely efficient servicing. Operatives' licenses can be withdrawn if government
inspectors find inefficiency in this area. Most modern aircraft can shut down engines which catch
fire, deal automatically with the fire, and proceed on three, or even two engines.
Cabin fires are equally dangerous. They may occur for any reason, but in many cases they
result from a crash landing causing the fuel to ignite. Two things are important here. First, cabin
exit must be unimpeded. Some modern aircraft have built-in chutes for swift escape. Much of
course depends on cabin staff and their ability to prevent panic. Second, the seat
upholstery must
be non-flammable. Many people have died from the noxious smoke emanating from flammable
upholstery.
There is argument today about emergency drills. Normally a steward will explain life-jackets for use should there be a sea landing, and just mention oxygen masks which are lowered
to each seat. Should all these by physically tried out by all passengers prior to take-off ? Such
drills are boring and time-consuming, but the time may come when they are mandatory.
Some disasters are caused by pilot error. Recently, a Shackleton in fog crashed into a
hillside in Britain, killing twenty-five young men. The plane has a good safety record. Again
recently the pilot of a plane with a faulty engine shut down the good engine due to the failure
of his instrumentation. The plane crashed, killing most occupants, and virtually destroying a
small village. Sometimes instrumentation can be affected by electronic interference due to
unauthorized equipment carried in the hold or hand luggage. This hazard can be eliminated.
Not much can be done about terrorism except through airfield security and
electronic vetting of all passengers and luggage. Unhappily not all airports are
really efficient in this regard. Efficiency would arrest the terrorist and the
hijacker on the airport.
Finally, attempts by carriers to economize on pilot coverage and seating space must be
prevented by law. The two essentials are fresh and fully-trained pilots, and reasonable space for
movement in emergency.
The answer to the question is no. Much could still be done to avert future disasters.
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